# 2.4.12. Energy dispersion of holes in a quantum well¶

Input files:
• 1Dwell_GaAs_AlAs_nnp.in

• 1Dwell_GaSb_AlSb_nnp.in

• 1Dwell_InGaAs_InP_nnp.in

• bulk_6x6kp_dispersion_ZnO_nnp.in

Scope:

In this tutorial we aim to reproduce results of [FranceschiJancuBeltram1999] and [Holleitner2007].

## a) Unstrained $$GaAs/ AlAs$$ quantum well¶

Input file: 1Dwell_GaAs_AlAs_nnp.in

This input file simulates a $$GaAs$$ (well)/ $$AlAs$$ (barrier) structure - The well is 17 molecular layers thick (4.8 nm), located between $$x$$ = 20 nm and $$x$$ = 24.8 nm.

Figure 2.4.12.1 shows the valence band edges of the quantum well structure together with three quantized states. The heavy and light hole band edges are degenerate. The red band is the split-off hole band edge. Note that these artificial band edges correspond to the bulk band edges. Also shown are the probability densities of the three uppermost subbands ($$\Psi^2$$). Note that each eigenstate is twofold spin-degenerate at $$k_{||}$$ = 0. These eigenfunctions are plotted as positions on the energy scale that correspond to their eigenenergies, i.e. $$\Psi^2$$ + eigenvalue (eV). The energy scale is shifted by -1.45967 eV to refer to the bulk valence band edge of the quantum well material, i.e. the $$GaAs$$ valence band edge (hh, lh) is at 0 eV.

We use a 6-band k.p model for the holes.

quantum {
region{
name = "quantum_region"
x = [10, 34.8]
no_density = yes
boundary{ x = dirichlet }
kp_6band{ # 6-band k.p model
num_ev = 10 # number of hole states
dispersion{
...
}
k_integration{
...
}
}
output_wavefunctions{ # k.p output
max_num = 9999
all_k_points = yes
amplitudes = no
probabilities = yes
}
}
}


Database: We used the Luttinger parameters ($$\gamma_1$$, $$\gamma_2$$, $$\gamma_3$$) given in [FranceschiJancuBeltram1999] and also their valence band offset (0.5 eV). The conversion from Luttinger parameters to Dresselhaus parameters (L, M, N) is described here. For details on the bandoffset see here. So the changes to the database_nnp.in file are as follows:

database{
binary_zb{
name    = AlAs
valence = III_V

valence_bands{
bandoffset = 0.86633 # Ev,av [eV]
}

kp_6_bands{     # Dresselhaus parameters
L = -7.64   # [hbar^2/2m]
M = -3.50   # [hbar^2/2m]
N = -8.76   # [hbar^2/2m]
}
}

binary_zb{
name    = GaAs
valence = III_V

valence_bands{
bandoffset = 1.346 # Ev,av [eV]
}

kp_6_bands{     # Dresselhaus parameters
L = -16.050 # [hbar^2/2m]
M = -4.050  # [hbar^2/2m]
N = -18.000 # [hbar^2/2m]
}
}
}


The valence band offset between $$InAs$$ and $$GaAs$$ is 0.5 eV ([FranceschiJancuBeltram1999]) and calculated as follows:

$\left(E_{v, av}^{GaAs} + \Delta_{SO}^{GaAs}/3\right) - \left(E_{v, av}^{InAs} + \Delta_{SO}^{InAs}/3 \right)$
$= ( 1.346 + 0.341/3 ) - (0.86633 + 0.28/3) = 0.5 eV$

### $$k_{||}$$ dispersion for the three uppermost subbands¶

The eigenvalues are twofold degenerate due to spin (and because the quantum well is symmetric). Thus, eigenvalue 1 and 2 correspond to Figure 2.4.12.2, 3 and 4 to Figure 2.4.12.3 and 5 and 6 to Figure 2.4.12.4. For the following three pictures, the energy is referred to the bulk valence band edge of the quantum well material, i.e. hh/lh($$GaAs$$) = 0 eV. The colors and the color bar correspond to the energy given in eV. The $$x$$ and $$y$$ coordinate axes refer to the in-plane wave vector. The units are in 1/Angstrom.

Now we will plot a cut through the above three pictures from [010] to the zone center and from the zone center to [011], see Figure 2.4.12.5. This plot was obtained by plotting the following file: dispersion_quantum_region_kp6_kpar_10_00_11.dat.

The value of the abscissa is found as follows:

• From [10] to zero we just take $$-k_x$$.

• From zero to [11] we take $$\sqrt{k_x^2+k_y^2}$$.

The above figure shows the eigenvalues as a function of $$k_{||}$$ vector. The three lines correspond to the upper three eigenvalues (which are two-fold spin-degenerate) as shown in the above QW figure. The thick lines are for the nonsymmetrized k.p Hamiltonian (which is closer to the more accurate tight-binding results), the thin lines are for the symmetrized k.p Hamiltonian. The two sets of k.p subbands coincide at the Brillouin-zone center (i.e. at $$k_{||}$$ = 0). They do not show pronounced discrepancies at nonzero in-plane $$k$$ vectors. This follows from the rather small difference between the effective-mass parameters of $$GaAs$$ and $$AlAs$$. Obviously, for larger $$k$$ values, the discrepancies are more significant.

### Symmetrized vs. nonsymmetrized k.p Hamiltonian¶

Note

In nextnano++ the symmetrized k.p Hamiltonian is not implemented. Only nextnano³ allows switching between the k.p dispersion for the nonsymmetrized and symmetrized k.p Hamiltonian by an explicit keyword.

\$numeric-control
simulation-dimension           = 1
kp-vv-term-symmetrization      = no   ! nonsymmetrized k.p Hamiltonian
!kp-vv-term-symmetrization      = yes  !     symmetrized k.p Hamiltonian


## b) Tensely strained $$GaSb/ AlSb$$ quantum wells¶

Input file: 1Dwell_GaSb_AlSb_nnp.in

Figure 2.4.12.6 reproduces Fig. 2 of [FranceschiJancuBeltram1999] very well. It is a tensely strained 5.1 nm $$GaSb$$ quantum well embedded between unstrained $$AlSb$$ barriers. The biaxial strain is 0.65 % and breaks the degeneracy of the bulk heavy and light hole band edge. Now the light hole band edge lies above the heavy hole band edge.

The figure shows that the first two subbands are nearly degenerate at the Brillouin zone center and show strong coupling.

A large discrepancy between the nonsymmetrized and the symmetrized k.p Hamiltonian can be seen. (See also the discussion in [FranceschiJancuBeltram1999] and their tight-binding results.)

## c) Tensely strained $$In_{0.43}Ga_{0.57}As/ InP$$ quantum wells¶

Input file: 1Dwell_InGaAs_InP_nnp.in

The following figure reproduces Fig. 3 of [FranceschiJancuBeltram1999] very well. It is a tensely strained 5.7 nm $$In_{0.43}Ga_{0.57}As$$ quantum well embedded between unstrained $$InP$$ barriers. The biaxial strain is 0.73 % and breaks the degeneracy of the bulk heavy and light hole band edge. Now the light hole band edge lies above the heavy hole band edge.

Again, a large discrepancy between the nonsymmetrized and the symmetrized k.p Hamiltonian can be seen. (See also the discussion in [FranceschiJancuBeltram1999] and their tight-binding results.)

## d) Strained $$In_{0.2}Ga_{0.8}As/ GaAs$$ quantum well¶

Input files:

• 1DIn20Ga80AsQW_75nm_sg.in

• 1DIn20Ga80AsQW_75nm_kp.in

• 1DIn20Ga80AsQW_75nm_kp_dispersion.in

These input files have been used for Fig. 8 in the following paper: [Holleitner2007].

### 1DIn20Ga80AsQW_75nm_sg.in¶

A 7.5 nm $$In_{0.2}Ga_{0.8}As$$ quantum well is sandwiched between two $$GaAs$$ layers. The quantum well is grown pseudomorphically on a $$GaAs$$ substrate and is thus strained compressively with respect to the $$GaAs$$ substrate.

The $$GaAs$$ is n-type doped with Si with a concentration of 3 $$\cdot$$ 1017 cm-3 in the regions between $$x$$ = 50 nm and $$x$$ = 80 nm and between $$x$$ = 127.5 nm and $$x$$ = 137.5 nm.

Consequently, we first have to solve the single-band Schrödinger equation together with the Poisson equation self-consistently, in order to obtain the electrostatic potential. The electron ground state is below the Fermi level.

### 1DIn20Ga80AsQW_75nm_kp.in¶

The calculated electrostatic potential is read in and then the 8-band k.p equation is solved to get the eigenstates for $$k_{||}$$ = 0. The calculated transition energy between the ground state electron and the ground state (heavy) hole is 1.340 eV. (Note: The exciton correction has not been considered and is of the order 4 meV.)

For $$k_{||} = 0$$, the three highest hole states have heavy hole character whereas the forth state has light hole character. No further states are confined. The split-off hole band edge is far away from the heavy and light hole band edges (~ 0.3 eV).

### 1DIn20Ga80AsQW_75nm_kp_dispersion.in¶

We read in the electrostatic potential again and calculate the 8-band k.p dispersion for $$k_{||}\neq 0$$. This time the calculation is more time-consuming as the Schrödinger equation has to be solved for 250 different $$k_{||}$$ points, i.e. the CPU time is 250 times larger than for $$k_||$$ = 0 only.

For $$| k_{||} |$$ <= 0.02 1/Angstrom, the directions [10] and [11] are practically identical for the uppermost hole level, see Figure 2.4.12.11.

Figure 2.4.12.12 shows the $$k_{||}$$ dispersion of the highest hole state (h1). The $$x$$ axis shows the kx value between -0.10 [1/Angstrom] and 0.10 [1/Angstrom], the $$y$$ axis shows $$k_y$$. The maximum energy of the hole state occurs at -1.3603 eV at ($$k_x$$, $$k_y$$) = (0, 0), i.e. in the center of the figure (Gamma point).